UB 433 
.S36 

1987 


LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

















































PEACETIME AWARDS OF 
THE PURPLE HEART 
IN THE POST-VIETNAM PERIOD 

Compiled by 
Madeline Sapienza 



UNITED STATES ARMY 
CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY 
WASHINGTON, D.C. 























Research and Analysis Division 
Special Studies Series 


"PEACETIME AWARDS OF THE PURPLE HEART IN THE POST-VIETNAM PERIOD" 

compiled by 

Ms. Madeline Sapienza 

\\ 


Staff Support Branch 
U.S. Army Center of Military History 
Washington, D.C. 

July 1987 



I ibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 

Sapienza, Madeline, 1950- 

Peacetime awards of the Purple Heart in the post- 
Vietnam period. 

(Special studies series / Research and Analysis 
Division) 

Bibliography: p. 

1. Purple Heart. 2. United States—Armed Forces— 
History—20th century. I. Center of Military History. 
II. Title. III. Series: Special studies series 
(Washington, D.C.) 

UB433.S36 1987 355.1'342 87-600348 


FOREWORD 


"Peacetime Awards of the Purple Heart in the Post-Vietnam Period" presents 
a factual compilation of information concerning the award of the medal to those 
U.S. servicemen killed or wounded in circumstances not officially recognized as 
combat situations. Ms. Madeline Sapienza's meticulous research for this report 
highlighted the numerous awards of the decoration, mainly for wounds suffered as a 
result of terrorist attacks. The U.S. Army Center of Military History felt that 
such data might provide a useful reference tool for Army field and school 
historians and decided to distribute a limited number of copies of the study. We 
expect this will be the first of several such Staff Support Branch reports that have 
wide relevancy and synthesize extensive research into a compact, easily 
retrievable format. 


m 























































PREFACE 


This study was prepared at the request of Brigadier General William A. 

Stofft, Chief of Military History, US Army Center of Military History, to "trace 
briefly the history of the Purple Heart," in compliance with a telephone inquiry 
from the Office of the Secretary of the Army. Since the Center has prepared 
previous fact sheets on the history of the Purple Heart, General Stofft directed 
that new research focus on the cases where the Purple Heart was "awarded for 
other than combat situations" during the post-Vietnam period. 

This report aims to provide a comprehensive, though not necessarily 
exhaustive, listing from all of the United States armed services of non-combat 
Purple Heart recipients during the post-Vietnam era through the summer of 1986. 
The purpose for such a listing is to facilitate reference research on this subject 
among US Army schools. The report makes no attempt to analyze the rationale for 
conferring these awards among the respective services nor does it question 
instances of the same or similar situations in which one service might issue an 
award while another might not. The study presents an outline of factual 
information about the men and women who, while serving their country, became 
victims of varying preconceived circumstances that led to their being wounded - 
many times, fatally wounded. This report merely alludes to the multitude of 
political, ideological, and diplomatic issues behind the numerous events which led 
to these attacks against American personnel in service overseas. 

Effort was made to list the names of each Purple Heart recipient, though this 
was not always possible, as explained below. But the listing, whether by name or 
description, of all those who were honored with the Purple Heart is considered to 
be a small tribute not only to the suffering endured by so many from all of the 
United States armed services but also to the sense of duty and bravery 
demonstrated by such steadfast service. 


v 






































.. 

' 














CONTENTS 


PEACETIME AWARDING OF THE PURPLE HEART IN THE 

POST-VIETNAM PERIOD 

Page 

Changes Since Executive Order 11016. 1 

Contents of This Report. 3 

US ARMY Purple Heart Awards. 5 

US NAVY Purple Heart Awards. 14 

US MARINE CORPS Purple Heart Awards. 22 

US AIR FORCE Purple Heart Awards . 25 

Appendix A (Executive Order 11016) . 28 

Appendix B (Important 1987 US Army and Navy Updates) 30 
Some of the Sources Used in This Report. 31 



















































































PEACETIME AWARDING OF THE PURPLE HEART IN THE 

POST-VIETNAM ERA 


Changes Since Executive Order 11016 

In view of the ominous surge of peacetime international terrorist activities, 

the President's Executive Order No. 12464, dated 23 February 1984, amended 

Executive Order No. 11016. (For text of Executive Order No. 11016, dated 25 

April 1962, refer to the Appendix.) Specifically, two new clauses appear in Section 

I to describe the additional situations in which the Purple Heart may be awarded: 

after March 28, 1973, as a result of an international terrorist attack 
against the United States or a foreign nation friendly to the United 
States, recognized as such an attack for the purposes of this Order by 
the Secretary of the department concerned, or jointly by the 
Secretaries of the departments concerned if persons from more than 
one department are wounded in the attack; or 

after March 28, 1973, as a result of military operations, while serving 
outside the territory of the United States as part of a peacekeeping 
force. 

Further amendment was made in Executive Order No. 12464 to change Section II of 

Executive Order No. 11016 to read: 

The Secretary of a military department, or the Secretary of 
Transportation, shall, in the name of the President of the United States, 
award the Purple Heart, with suitable ribbons and appurtenances, 
posthumously, to any person covered by, and under the circumstances 
described in paragraphs 1 (a)-(e) who, after April 5 , 1917; or paragraphs 
1 (f)-(g) who, after March 28, 1973, has been, or may hereafter be, 
killed, or who had died or may hereafter die after being wounded. 

Interestingly, according to an article in the July 31, 1986 MDW Magazine 
issue on terrorism in "Pentagram," CIA statistics used by the Office of the 
Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs revealed that 
1982 had the highest number (208) of international terrorist acts against United 
States interests since 1975, resulting in eight American deaths. The "Pentagram" 
source cited also noted that in 1984, there were 603 worldwide international 




terrorist acts, of which 131 were directed against American business, military, 
government, and diplomatic interests. In 1985, of the 824 total (a 37% increase 
from the previous year), 184 targeted American interests (a 4% increase from the 
1984 figures). In 1985, international terrorists attacked 39 United States military 
interests, an increase of approximately 45% from the 1984 figure of 27 incidents. 

The Department of the Army led all services in urging the changes embodied 
in Executive Order No. 12464. The need for official Executive criteria to award 
the Purple Heart in response to the international situation resulted not only 
because of the overall numerical increase in such international activities, but also 
because of the viciousness involved, such as the 11 May 1972 bombing of US Army 
V Corps HQ in Germany; the 18 January 1982 assassination of the United States 
Assistant Army Attache to France; the unsuccessful attempt on 29 June 1979 to 
assassinate the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe; and the 15 September 1981 
wounding of the Commander-in-Chief, US Army, Europe. Circumstances dictated 
an urgent need among the services for uniform, expeditious, and consistent policies 
for awarding the Purple Heart to their respective military personnel involved as 
unsuspecting peacetime targets of international terrorist organizations. 

Another recent change concerned the order of precedence of the Purple 

Heart. In accordance with Section 553 of the Department of Defense 

Authorization Act, 1985 (printed on 26 September 1984, by order of the US House 

of Representatives as Report 98-1080), Section 1127 was added to Chapter 57 of 

Title 10 of the United States Code: 

In prescribing regulations establishing the order of precedence of 
awards and decorations authorized to be displayed on the uniforms of 
members of the armed forces, the Secretary of the military department 
concerned shall accord the Purple Heart a position of precedence, in 
relation to other awards and decorations authorized to be displayed, not 
lower than that immediately following the lowest position accorded any 
award or decoration for valor. 


2 


The Department of Defense opposed the change in precedence. Senator John 
Warner (R-VA) had promoted the revision and, according to the US Army Military 
Awards Branch, had urged the change in response to lobbying efforts of a Virginia 
Branch of the Military Order of the Purple Heart as well as other constituents. 

The Military Awards Branch felt that this change would have unfairly prejudiced 
the precedence of the other awards in favor of the Purple Heart, which, though a 
"beautiful" award, yet is one of "happenstance" because the recipient may earn it 
by doing the wrong thing at the wrong time or being at the wrong place at the 
wrong time. The Department of Defense discussed this issue with Senator Warner 
for many months, during which time the newly proposed precedence was not 
implemented. A memorandum dated 6 March 1986 from the Deputy Assistant 
Secretary of Defense, Military Personnel and Force Management (now known as 
Military Manpower and Personnel Policy) informed the services that the correct 
interpretation of the order of precedence was that, in descending order, the Purple 
Heart be placed below the Bronze Star (irrespective of whether the Bronze Star 
was awarded for achievement, service, or valor) and immediately above the 
Defense Meritorious Service Medal. Statutory resolution of this disagreement 
between the Department of Defense and Senator Warner resulted in Section 533 of 
the Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1986 (Pubic Law 99-145, dated 8 
November 1985), which states: 

Section 1127 of title 10, United States Code, is amended by striking out 
"the lowest position accorded any award or decoration for valor" and 
inserting in lieu thereof "the bronze star". 

Contents of This Report 

The following pages present numerous situations of the post-Vietnam era in 
which the departments have honored their military, and sometimes civilian 
personnel, with peacetime Purple Heart awards according to the criteria of 
Executive Order 11016. 

3 



The first section is a breakdown of most of such US Army peacetime awards. 
Subsequent sections focus on the Purple Heart awards made by the US Navy, the 
US Marine Corps, and the US Air Force. 

Originally, the Army outline was lengthier than the respective summary 
narratives pertaining to the sister services since (1) Army awards are the primary 
concern of this report and (2) detailed information (such as the awardee’s date of 
service, his or her name and rank, a brief description of the incident, the official 
authority for the award, and the date of permanent orders issuing the award) was 
more readily available on the Army’s awards than similar information for most of 
the other services. This apparently resulted because of on-site research of records 
within the excellent filing system organized by the US Army Military Awards 
Branch. Information for the other services resulted from several extended 
telephone conversations with the awards branches of each of the other three 
services. Upon final review by the four overseeing offices, the US Navy 
transformed the portions of the original narrative text of this report on its Purple 
Heart awards into the detailed outline format used in the US Army section. 

Appreciation is hereby extended to the respective staffs of the US Army 
Military Awards Branch, the US Navy Awards and Special Projects Branch, the US 
Marine Corps Decorations and Medals Branch, and the US Air Force Recognition 
Programs Branch for their assistance in preparing this report. Please refer to the 
section on "Some of the Sources Used in this Report" for information on the 
official contacts involved in the preparation of this report; this report could not 
have been completed without their input and verification of the necessary 
information. 


4 


US ARMY Purple Heart Awards 

(in chronological order according to date of incident) 

a. date of service when incident occurred 

b. name and rank of awardee 

c. brief description of incident 

d. authority for awarding the Purple Heart 

e. date of the permanent orders awarding the Purple Heart 

f. miscellaneous comments about the award, where appropriate 


a. 1 June 1976 

b. SFC Joseph W. Gehrke, WIA 

c. international terrorist attack, Frankfurt, Germany 

d. Para. 2-19, AR 672-5-1 and Executive Order 11016 

e. 28 March 1984 


a. 18 August 1976 

b. CPT Arthur G. Bonifas, KIA 

1LT Mark T. Barrett, KIA 

c. attack by axe-wielding North Korean security guards, Panmunjon, Korea 

d. information not available 

e. see f. 

f. Military Awards Branch confirmed the two officers were awarded the Purple 
Heart, but had only a decision memorandum on file and had no information by 
what authority awards were made. Four other US personnel were also injured 
this incident. 


a. 15 September 1981 

b. GEN Frederick J. Kroesen, Jr., WIA 

c. international terrorist attack, Heidelberg, Germany 

d. Para. 2-29, AR 672-5-1 and Executive Order 11016 

e. 26 March 1984 


in 


5 







a. 18 January 1982 

b. LTC Charles R. Ray, KIA 

c. US Assistant Army Attache to France with the US Defense Attache Office 
located in Paris, where he was killed by a terrorist assassin 

d. AR 672-5-1 and Executive Order 11016 

e. 13 July 1984 

f. initially recommended by a Captain of the US Navy, AT-D, in Paris (31 May 
1984) 


a. 25 September 1982 

b. MAJ Randall A. Carlson, KIA 

c. member of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization, peacekeeping 
force, duty station in Israel; killed with three other observers when their jeep 
exploded a land mine near Beirut, Lebanon. 

d. Para 2-23, AR 672-5-1- and Executive Order 12464 

e. 18 September 1984 

f. USAF MAJ Harley S. Warren was also killed in this incident but the Air Force did 
not award him a Purple Heart. 


a. 2 February 1983 

b. SSG Jay T. Stanley, WIA 

c. wounded while on duty as a passenger aboard a Salvadoran aircraft hit by hostile 
fire in El Salvador 

d. AR 672-5-1 and Executive Order 11016 

e. 31 August 1983 

f. according to correspondence, the Military Awards Branch argued in favor of this 
award, especially since the US Navy had awarded the Purple Heart to LCDR 
Albert A. Schaufelberger, III, killed in El Salvador on 25 May 1983 


a. 18 April 1983 

b. MSG Richard Twine, KIA 
SSG Ben H. Maxwell, KIA 
SSG Mark E. Salazar, KIA 
CW3 Rayford J. Byers, WIA 


6 





c. international terrorist bomb attack against the American Embassy in Beirut 

d. "approved by the Secretary of the Army on 17 June 1983" 

e. 27 June 1983 

f. according to correspondence, there was concern that previous Purple Heart 
awards in similar situations had been given by the US Navy and that the US 
Marine Corps had conferred at least 8 such awards to their military personnel 
involved in the same incident; one conclusion was that regardless of previous 
OTJAG opinions, "the situation warrants approval." There was also an initial 
recommendation to award the Purple Heart to a civilian, Mr. William R. Sheil of 
TRADOC, who was also killed in the Embassy attack 


a. 18 April 1983 

b. CW2 James E. Johnson, WIA 
MAJ Joseph P. Englehardt, WIA 

c. both with the US Defense Attache Office in Beirut, Lebanon, when wounded by 
flying debris from the same bomb attack on the American Embassy in Beirut 
"by a hostile foreign force" 

d. AR 672-3-1 and Executive Order 12464 

e. 3 May 1984 

f. both initially recommended by a Colonel of the USMC, the Defense Attache 


a. 23 October 1983 

b. SP4 Marcus E. Coleman, KIA 
SP3 Daniel S. Kluck, KIA 
SFC James G. Yarber, KIA 
SFC Elvin H. Henry, WIA 

c. international terrorist bomb explosion that destroyed the Marine Battalion 
Landing Team HQ near the Beirut Airport, Lebanon 

d. Para. 2-19, AR 672-3-1 

e. 31 October 1983 

f. the Purple Heart citation for the three soldiers killed in action read, "For wounds 
received in Beirut, Lebanon, which resulted in death." The Purple Heart citation 
for the surviving wounded soldier read, "For wounds received as a result of 
hostile action." 


7 




a. 11 January 1984 

b. CW2 Jeffry C. Schwab, KIA 

c. killed after the helicopter which he was piloting made a forced-landing on a 
Honduran road near the Nicaraguan border and crew received hostile fire (the 
other two crew members were unharmed) 

d. Para. 2-19, AR 672-5-1 

e. 12 January 1984 


a. 3 April 1984 

b. MSG Robert Harold Judd, Jr., WIA 

c. Staff Duty Officer of the Joint US Military Aid Group, Greece (JUSMAGG), 
while on duty driving a government-owned vehicle, shot by two terrorists of the 
"17 November" group 

d. AR 672-5-1 and Executive Order 12464 

e. 20 April 1984 


a. 15 April 1984 

b. LTC Kenneth G. Crabtree, KIA 

c. international terrorist attack in Oshikati, Namibia 

d. Para. 2-23, AR 672-5-1 and Executive Order 12464 

e. 20 April 1984 


a. 20 September 1984 

b. CW2 Kenneth V. Welch, KIA 

c. "died of wounds received in Beirut" 

d. Para. 2-23a(6), AR 672-5-1 

e. 24 September 1984 


8 





a. 20 September 1984 

b. SSG Terry A. Terrell, WIA 

c. international terrorist attack in Beirut 

d. Para. 2-23, AR 672-3-1 and Executive Order 12464 

e. 23 September 1984 


a. 23 November 1984 

b. Private Michael A. Burgoyne, WIA 

c. wounded by North Koreans while serving as part of a security guard detail within 
the Joint Security Area in Panmunjon, Korea 

d. Para. 2-23a(7), AR 672-3-1 

e. 26 November 1984 


a. 13 January 1983 

b. SGT Michael D. Withers, WIA 

c. wounded while on duty as a Military Policeman at NATO Support Activity 
(US) HQ, Brussels, Belgium, when a car-bomb exploded in front of that building; 
the incident was an international terrorist act, specifically attributed to the 
Cellules Communistes Combattantes, or CCC 

d. Para 2-13.1(6), AR 672-3-1 

e. 30 July 1986 


a. 2 February 1983 

b. SSG Gregory A. Higgins, WIA 

c. associated with Interservice Liaison Command based in Athens and wounded in 
an international terrorist attack by the "National Front" that injured more than 
70 people at a facility frequented by US military personnel in Greece 


d. Para. 2-13.1(6), AR 672-3-1 

e. 30 July 1986 


9 





f. correspondence stressed that several US Air Force personnel stationed at 
Hellenikon AB were also seriously injured by this terrorist group 


a. 24 March 1935 

b. MAJ Arthur D. Nicholson, Jr., KIA 

c. awarded Purple Heart "for wounds received" when a Soviet guard in East 
Germany shot him fatally; was a US Military Liaison Mission officer to the 
CinC, Group of Soviet Forces Germany 

d. Para 2-23, AR 672-5-1 

e. 28 March 1985 


a. 8 August 1985 

b. SP4 Edward F. Pimental, KIA 

c. killed in Germany by members of the Red Army Faction and the Direct Action 
terrorist groups for his ID card, which terrorists later used to gain access to the 
Rhein-Main AB to plant an explosive device 

d. authority 

e. 21 November 1985 

f. (according to the Military Awards Branch, there was sufficient evidence from 
CID that this was a case of international terrorism) 


a. 24 November 1985 

b. total of 10 Purple Hearts 

SGT Howard R. Breeden, WIA 
SGT William D. Demmin, WIA 
CPT James M. Fergle, WIA 
SGT Bruce K. Gaston, WIA 
SGT Milton D. Gilchrist, WIA 
SFC Jesse L. Jordan, Jr, WIA 
COL Charles B. Kennell, WIA 
PFC Randy O. Knight, WIA 
SGT Warren J. Polk, WIA 
SSG Mark E. Spencer, WIA 

c. international terrorist bomb attack of Frankfurt Shopping Center, Germany (PX 
facility) 

d. Para. 2-15.1, AR 672-5-1, dated 1 October 1985 


10 





e. 16 May 1986 


f. also, the names of other wounded military and civilian personnel were initially 
recommended, but these other military personnel did not meet the medical 
criteria for the award; as for the civilians, correspondence indicated that the 
Purple Heart should not be awarded to civilians attached to the US Army during 
peacetime 


a. 5 April 1986 

b. total of 53 Purple Hearts, including one posthumous award 

c. international terrorist bombing of LaBelle Disco in West Berlin 

NB : This incident of April 5, 1986, represented a unique case because for the first 
time, according to the Military Awards Branch, a field commander was allowed 
to designate Purple Heart awardees in peacetime; this resulted because the 
field command wished to accelerate the conferral of the awards during the 
period that the Secretary of the Army was waiting for official confirmation, as 
specified by the Executive Order, that the incident was indeed the act of 
international terrorism. 

Therefore, the Military Awards Branch had issued the first awards to: 

SSG James E. Goins, WIA 

by authority of Para. 2-15.1, AR 672-5-1 
permanent orders dated 29 April 1986 

SP4 Marvin L. Ragin, WIA 

by authority of Para. 2-15.1, AR 672-5-1 
permanent orders dated 30 April 1986 

Then, a list of 49 names was approved 

(see attached list for names on page 12; rank not indicated, as not always 
legible); by authority of Para. 2-15.1a(6), AR 672-5-1 and Message HQDA 
DAPE-HRP-UA 281759Z, Apr 86, Subject: Purple Heart 
permanent orders dated 16 May 1986 

The Military Awards Branch then proceeded to make the other awards: 

SP4 David T. Jackson, WIA (he died after receiving the Purple Heart) 
by authority of Para. 2-15.1, AR 672-5-1 
permanent orders dated 29 May 1986 

SGT Kenneth T. Ford, KIA 

by authority of Para. 2-15.1, AR 672-5-1 
permanent orders dated 29 May 1986 


11 



NAMES OF THE 49 OTHER MILITARY PERSONNEL AWARDED THE PURPLE 
HEART FOR WOUNDS RECEIVED DURING THE LABELLE DISCO BOMBING IN 
WEST BERLIN: 


Reginald H. Borders 
Donald Ham 
J.C. Andrews, Jr. 
Tracy L. Billingslea 
Shawn 3utler 
Ralph O. Hunter 
Larry Jefferson 
William D. Johnson 
Larry Lampkins 
Ulysses Mays, Jr. 
Larry D. Northingston 
Forrest L. Ward 
Earnest E. Wilson 
Thomas L. Woodland 
Anthony B. Ballard 
Gerald Clark 
Myron S. Ford 
Alex L. Jackson 
Paul A. McCathron 
Terry K. Finch 
Frank W. McGee, Jr. 
Michael V. O'Neal 
Larry D. Ruff 
Dolton E. Porteous 
Earl T. Marshall 


Robert E. Jones 
Carlos Marquez-Santos 
Ann Marie Anicar 
Jeffrey Sutton 
Andre W. Woodson 
Lee R. Brown 
Troy D. Euring 
James Green 
3ryan A. Mills 
Clarence N. Rambo 
Ricky E. Tucker 
Cedric J. Woolfork 
Leroy Craig, Jr. 

Charles V. Staples 
Timothy G. L. Henderson 
Stacey Demps 
Manuell A. Medina, III 
Patrick E. Pettway 
Ernest Rios 
James E. Frazier 
Wade Harris 
John D. Jackson 
William H. Gilmore 
Ronald Locke 


12 


To summarize the US Army's peacetime awarding of the Purple Heart, in 
general the Army awarded few Purple Hearts to military personnel killed or 
wounded in acts of international terrorism before the 23 February 1984 Executive 
Order. Major exceptions were the 18 August 1976 incident in Korea; the 18 April 
and 23 October 1983 terrorist actions in Beirut; the 2 February 1983 incident 
involving SSG Stanley; and the fatal 11 January 1984 case in Honduras. Even in the 
most brutal or treacherous incidents, careful attention has always been given to 
compliance with the medical criteria of the Purple Heart regulations and to 
verification by American and/or foreign military and/or police personnel that each 
casualty undeniably resulted from an "international terrorist attack." 

There were also proposals to award the Purple Heart to civilians killed or 
wounded in the 18 April 1983 bombing of the American Embassy in Beirut and the 
24 November 1985 bombing of the Frankfurt Shopping Center, but, as of this 
writing, no awards have resulted. The official US Army interpretation of award 
criteria asserts that civilians attached to the US Army during peacetime should not 
be recipients of the Purple Heart. (This is also the US Navy's attitude, although 
the Navy did issue Purple Hearts to civilians wounded in the USS LIBERTY 
tragedy.) There were also occasions during the Vietnam conflict when the US Army 
awarded civilians the Purple Heart. Three civilians (Lawrence E. Laroche, Robert 
C. Moore, and James W. Williams, Sr.) associated with the US Army Corps of 
Engineers were wounded on 9 May 1967 in Vietnam and shortly thereafter were 
honored with Purple Heart awards "by direction of the President and under 
provisions of AR 672-5-1." Yet, even then, official US Army correspondence 
appeared which argued against such civilian awards. Official US Army opinion 
stressed that only civilians who were "responsive to the orders and will of an Army 
commander" and demonstrated an "extraordinary" effort during hostilities could be 
considered for the Purple Heart. 


13 


Following the recent terrorist incidents, officers on the scene or nearby 
frequently urged the US Army to decide promptly in favor of awarding the Purple 
Heart to victims. They reasoned that the magnitude of the international situation 
as well as US Army morale (especially if the award was conferred by other services 
to their personnel in the same or under similar circumstances) were important 
elements to consider in making an award. 

US NAVY Purple Heart Awards 

The US Navy interpreted the regulations concerning the peacetime conferral 
of the Purple Heart in the most flexible manner before the official changes made 
in February, 1984. Such pre-1984 awards involved not only cases of international 
terrorism or incidents of peacekeeping situations, but also special cases which the 
Secretary of the Navy deemed appropriate to recognize with Purple Heart awards. 


US NAVY Purple Heart Awards 

(in chronological order according to date of incident) 

a. date of service when incident occurred 

b. name and rank of awardee 

c. brief description of incident 

d. authority for awarding the Purple Heart 

e. date of the permanent orders awarding the Purple Heart 

f. miscellaneous comments about the award, where appropriate 


14 




a. 8-9 June 1967 

b. USS LIBERTY - 31 KIA and 168 WIA 

c. Attacked by Israelis planes 

d. Notation in file that CNO approved Purple Heart for the military prior to 
September 1967. 

Two civilians approved by CNO letter Ser 1117P09B1 of 23 March 1968 based 
on Under Secretary of the Navy's memo of 14 March 1968. 


a. 16 Jan 1968 


b. LCDR Ernest A. Munro, USN, Killed 
RMCS Harry L. Greene, USN, Wounded 

c. Communist terrorists, Guatemala 


d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 3919 of 3 April 1968 


a. 23 January 1968 

b. DC3 Duane D. Hodges, USNR 
CDR Lloyd M. Bucher, USN 
LTJG Timothy L. Harris, USNR 
RM2 Charles H. Crandlell, Jr., USN 
SGT Robert J. Chicca, USN 

CT2 Peter M. Langenberg, USN 
SMI Wendell G. Leach, USN 
LT Edward R. Murphy, Jr. 

CT3 Steven J. Robin 
EM2 Steven E. Woelk 


Killed 23 January 1968 
Wounded 23 January 1968 
Wounded 23 January 1968 
Wounded 23 January 1968 
Wounded 23 January 1968 
Wounded 23 January 1968 
Wounded 23 January 1968 
Wounded 23 January 1968 
Wounded 23 January 1968 
Wounded 23 January 1968 


c. North Koreans seized USS PUEBLO (AGER 2) in international waters. 


d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 1094 of 16 August 1969 

e. In addition to the above, all crewmembers (79 Navy personnel and 2 Marines) 
were awarded the Purple Heart for the period of their captivity. 


13 




a. 3 March 1974 


b. LCDR Franklin G. West, Wounded 

c. In Panmunjun, Korea by North Korean Forces 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 1340 of 29 October 1974 


a. 20 November 1974 

b. CDR Robert M. Ballinger, USN, Killed 

c. On missions to investigate tunnel built by North Koreans in the southern portion 

of the DMZ. Killed by explosion of dynamite placed in tunnel. 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 104 of 3 February 1973 


a. Night of 14 - 13 March 1978 

b. LT Robert E. Nelson, USN 

c. Service with UN observers in Lebanon at the village of Maroun 

A1 Ras when attacked by Israeli Defense Forces. 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 971 of 3 July 1983 

f. As of summer 1986, this the US Navy's only retroactive case since Executive 
Order 12464. 


a. 3 December 1979 

b. 10 wounded and 2 killed 

CTO 1 John R. Ball, USN 
CTRC Warren C. Smith, USN 
CTT2 Cynthia C. Edwards, USN 
CT03 Sandra L. Seaton, USN 
CTM3 Joseph R. Key, USN 
CTRSN Allen Bush, USN 
CTRSN Bradley D. Clark, USNR 
CTOSN Richard D. Sauter, USN 
CTRSA Monique A. Ritter, USN 
RM3 Emil E. White, USN 
RM2 Debra J. Whitehurst, USN 
RM3 Cottie A. Allen, USN 


16 






c. Terrorist ambush on Navy bus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 237 of 31 March 1980 


a. 16 April 1980 

b. BMCM Sam Novello, Killed 

c. Assassinated by Turkish leftists at his home in Istanbul, Turkey. Turkish car 

driver also killed. 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 323 of 24 April 1980 

e. Legion of Merit awarded by Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 405 of 19 May 

1980 


a. 25 May 1983 

b. LCDR Albert A. Schaufelberger, USN 

c. Killed while waiting in car for a friend in San Salvador, El Salvador 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 512 of 3 June 1983 

Legion of Merit also approved by same letter. 


a. 15 November 1983 

b. CAPT George Tsantes, USN 

c. Assassinated while riding in car in Athens, Greece 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 1407 of 4 February 1984 


a. 18 April 1983 

b. IS1 Daniel J. Pellegrino, USN, Wounded 

c. Bombing of U.S. Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 1463 of 16 November 1984 


17 






a. 29 August 1983 

b. EOC Eugene H. Cole, USN, Wounded 

c. Green Beach, Beirut, Lebanon, while attempting to spot positions of hostile 

forces. 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 333 of 19 April 1984 


a. 3 September 1983 

b. 301 Wade H. Johnstone, USN, Wounded 

c. Beirut, Lebanon 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 234 of 8 April 1983 (included 6 WIA on 23 

Ocotber 1983) 


a. 19 October 1983 

b. LT Lee A. Cloninger, MSC, USN 

c. Injured by car bomb while traveling with Marine convoy in Beirut, Lebanon 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 234 of 23 March 1984 


a. 23 Ocotber 1983 

b. 8 WIA and 18 KIA 

SN Lorenzo Almanza, USN, WIA 
HN Pedro 3. Alvarado, USN, WIA 
HM3 Donald Basley, USN, WIA 
EN3 Ronald L. Duplanty, USN, WIA 
HM3 Donald A. Howell, USN, WIA 
HM1 Larry W. Jenkins, USN, WIA 
HMC John M. Vaughn, USN, WIA 
LTJG Dan G. Wheeler, USN, KIA 
HM1 Ronny K. Bates, USN, KIA 
HN Jesse W. Beamon, USN, KIA 
HN Jimmy R. Cain, USN, KIA 
HN Bryan L. Earle, USN, KIA 
HM3 William D. Elliot, Jr., USN, KIA 


18 






HM2 James E. Faulk, USN, KIA 
HM2 William B. Foster, Jr., USN, KIA 
ETC Michael W. Gorchinski, USN, KIA 
HM2 Robert S. Holland, USN, KIA 
LT John R. Hudson, USNR, KIA 
HM2 Michael H. Johnson, USN, KIA 
HM2 Marion E. Kees, USN,KIA 
HM2 George N. McVicker, II, USN, KIA 
HM3 Joseph "P" Milano, USN, KIA 
HMC George W. Piercy, USN, KIA 
HM3 Diomedes J. Quirante, USN, KIA 
LT James F. Surch, Jr., USN, KIA 
HM3 David E. Worley, USN, KIA 


c. Terrorist attack on Marine Battalion Landing Team Headquarters 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 1396 of 9 December 1983 for KIA. Secretary 

of the Navy gave CNO and CMC verbal authorization to pin Purple Heart on 
the wounded personnel. 


a. 23 October 1983 

b. 6 WIA 

LT Gregory M. Rosenberg, USN 
JOCS Joseph F. Ciokon, Jr., USN 
JOl Robert C. Rucher, USN 
JOl James M. O'Leary, USN 
JOl Reginald J. Fields, USN 
IC2 Mark B. O'Neill, USN 

c. Terrorist attack on Marine Battalion Landing Team Headquarters, Beirut, 

Lebanon. 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 234 of 8 Apr 1983 


a. 23 October 1983 

b. LT Danny G. Wheeler, CHC, USN, WIA 

c. Terrorist attack on Marine Battalion Landing Team, Headquarters, Beirut 

Lebanon. 

d. Secretary of he Navy letter Ser 1348 of 23 October 1984 


19 




a. 4 December 1983 


b. CDR Edward K. Andrews, USN, WIA 

c. Ejection from aircraft after being hit by ground fire near Beirut, Lebanon. 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 413 of 8 May 1984 


a. 4 December 1983 

b. LT Mark A. Lange, USN, KIA 

c. Aircraft shot down central mountains of Lebanon—on bombing mission of Syrian 

positions. 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 110 of 7 February 1984 


a. 4 December 1983 

b. LT Robert O. Goodman, 3r., USN, WIA 

c. Naval Flight Officer in aricraft with LT Lange 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 46 5 of 16 May 1984 


a. 9 December 1983 

b. E03 Kirk S. May, USN, WIA 

c. Beirut, Lebanon 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 414 of 24 April 1984 


a. 29 February 1984 

b. HN Carl P. Englund, USN, WIA 

c. Beirut, Lebanon 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 414 of 24 April 1984 


20 







a. 20 September 1984 

b. IS1 Michael R. Wagner, USN, KIA 

c. Terrorist car-bomb attack on U.S. Embassy, Beirut, Lebanon 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 1392 of 23 October 1984 


a. 20 September 1984 

b. CEC Harvey L. Whitaker, USN, Wounded 

c. Terrorist car-bomb attack on U.S. Embassy, Beirut, Lebanon 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 1391 of 23 October 1984 


a. 20 September 1984 

b. BUI Stephen E. Haycock, USn, Wounded 

c. Terrorist car-bomb attack on U.S. Embassy, Beirut, Lebanon 

d. Secretary of the Navy letter Ser 1393 of 24 December 1984 


a. 13 June 1983 

b. SW2 Robert D. Stethem, USN 

c. Killed by terrorists who had hijacked TWA Flight 847 

d. Verbal approval from Secretary of the Navy 18 June 1983 

e. Bronze Star Medal also awarded to Petty Officer Stethem. Five other Navy 

members on board same flight. One was recommended for Purple Heart but 
Secretary of the Navy disapproved the award by letter Ser 22 of 12 March 
1986. 


21 






Though the US Navy maintained a liberal interpretation of the circumstances 
which would warrant the Purple Heart award before the 1984 Executive Order, it 
generally adheres to its belief, in both war and peacetime, that the Purple Heart is 
strictly a military award and should not be bestowed upon civilians attached to the 
US Navy unless the conditions are extraordinary - such as the USS LIBERTY 
incident. Even during World War II, the US Navy rarely made such awards to 
civilians, according to information from the US Navy Awards and Special Projects 
Branch. 

US MARINE CORPS Purple Heart Awards 

In the US Marine Corps, the Purple Heart is awarded in accordance with the 
Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual (Section 1650.IE) and the Commandant of 
the Corps signs the certificate. The Secretary of the Navy approved all peacetime 
cases on an individual basis before the 23 October 1983 tragedy in Beirut. 
Immediately after that terrorist attack, the Secretary of the Navy deemed it 
appropriate for the US Marine Corps Decorations and Medals Branch to issue 
Purple Hearts without his initial approval. About the time when Executive Order 
12464 appeared, the process reverted to the earlier system, whereby the Secretary 
of the Navy first approves awards for peacetime situations. 

Most of the Purple Hearts awarded to Marines during the 1970s and early 
1980s resulted from terrorist activity directed against various American embassies 
where the Marines served as guards. A 17 March 1981 incident, however, where 
three Marines in Costa Rica were wounded was also classified as a "terrorist 
attack." 


22 



There are cases where US Marines received the Purple Heart while on duty 
guarding American embassies (excluding Lebanon from the fall of 1982): 


Date 

Location KIA WIA 

1972 

Manila, The Philippines 1 

7 August 1978 

Kabul, Afghanistan 1 

6 October 1978 

Beirut, Lebanon 1 


11 and 14 February 1979 Teheran, Iran (see Note below) 


30 October 1979 

San Salvador, El Salvador 2 

21 November 1979 

Islamabad, Pakistan 1* 

*Cpl. Steven J. Crowley 

7 June 1982 

Beirut, Lebanon 1 


NOTE: Two Purple Hearts were given to Sergeant Gary Downey for wounds 
received while on duty at the Embassy on 11 and 14 February 1979. 
Sergeant Kraus was likewise awarded the Purple Heart on 14 February 
1979, when wounded at the same Embassy. 

While serving as a peacekeeping force in Lebanon, the Marines who received 
the Purple Heart between September 1982 and February 1984 were identified as 
having been wounded by terrorist attacks. These incidents are as follows: 


Date 

KIA WIA 

30 September 1982 

1* 3 

26 November 1982 

1 

16 March 1983 

5 

18 April 1983 

1 9 (major attack against the Embassy) 

22 July 1983 

2 


*Cpl. David Lee Reagan was listed as killed "accidentally." 


23 









Date 

KIA 

WIA 

10 August 1983 


1 

29 August 1983 

2 

14 

4 September 1983 


3 

5 September 1983 


1 

6 September 1983 

2 


12 September 1983 


3 

23 September 1983 


4 

2 5 September 1983 


4 

8 October 1983 


1 

9 October 1983 


1 

13 October 1983 


1 

14 October 1983 

1 

1 

16 October 1983 

1 

3 

19 October 1983 


3 


23 October 1983 

220 

74 (suicide truck-bomb attack 
against Marine Battalion Landing 
Team HQ in Beirut) 

4 December 1983 

8 

3 

8 January 1984 

1 

2 

30 January 1984 

2 

2 

6 February 1984 


2 


The President of the United States placed Purple Heart awards upon the 
caskets of four Marines killed by terrorists in San Salvador on 20 June 1985. All 
four (Sergeant Thomas T. Handwork, Sergeant Bobby J. Dickson, Corporal Gregory 
H. Webber, and Corporal Patrick R. Kwiatkowski) were assigned to duty at the 
American Embassy in El Salvador, and, while off-duty, were shot with automatic 
weapons in an outdoor cafe near the Embassy. 


24 





The terrorist attacks against the US Marines in Lebanon, particularly the bombing 
of their HQ near the Beirut Airport on 23 October 1983, produced a major change 
in American foreign policy. The President's order to redeploy the Marines, who 
were an integral part of the Multinational Force (MNF) in Lebanon, to ships 
offshore was dated 7 February 1984. (Executive Order 12464 appeared on 23 
February 1984.) 

According to the US Marines Decorations and Medals Branch, they never had 
occasion to award or even consider the Purple Heart for civilians - whether during 
war or peacetime. 

US AIR FORCE Purple Heart Awards 

The Chief of the Recognition and Special Programs Division of the US Air 

Force has submitted the following paragraph for this report: 

Award of the Purple Heart is made in accordance with EOs 11016 and 
12464. AFR 900-48 simply implements the EOs. The HQ USAF Purple 
Heart Review Board has been delegated the authority by the Secretary 
of the Air Force to evaluate and determine a military member's 
entitlement to the Purple Heart. The determination of a civilian's 
entitlement ot the Purple Heart is made by the Secretary of the Air 
Force Personnel Council as delegated by the Secretary of the Air 
Force. 

As of this writing, the earliest incident recognized by the US Air Force's 
awarding of the Purple Heart was that of 12 April 1979, when two military persons 
were attacked by terrorists in Izmir, Turkey. (Record keeping procedures of the 
US Air Force Recognition Programs Branch for listing peacetime Purple Heart 
awards use only the term "military person," without mention of whether the 
individual was KIA or WIA. Individual files, selected by name, would supply the 
detailed information.) 


23 



Numerous international terrorist attacks at or near air bases used by the US 
Air Force in Germany provided other cases where the Purple Heart was awarded: 
one military person was wounded at Hahn AB on 26 September 1980; thirteen 
received the Purple Heart when terrorists attacked the USAFE HQ at Ramstein AB 
on 31 August 1981; two military and one civilian were wounded at Rhein-Main AB 
on 8 August 1985; and four military persons were injured at the LaBelle disco 
bombing in West Berlin on 5 April 1986. 

In addition to the incident at Rhein-Main AB, 1985 witnessed several other 
international terrorist attacks against US Air Force personnel: five military 
persons were injured at Bobby's Bar II in Glyfada, Greece on February 2; also on 
that same date in another incident at Glyfada, one military and one civilian 
associated with the US Air Force became casualties; another US Air Force civilian 
was brutally killed after Egyptian Air Flight #648 was highjacked by terrorists and 
forced to land in Malta, November 25. All received Purple Hearts. 

Other US Air Force Purple Heart awards include one military person on a 
peacekeeping mission in the area of Honduras who became a casualty on 23 
September 1981, and a military observer wounded in Egypt during the assassination 
of President Anwar Sadat on 6 October of that same year. One US Air Force 
military person received the Purple Heart while serving in a peacekeeping capacity 
at the time of the October 1983 tragedy at the Marine Team Landing Battalion HQ 
in Beirut. Also in Beirut, on 21 December 1983, one military person was hit by 
terrorist sniper fire. The Libyan operation on the night of 15 April 1986 was 
another military/peacekeeping occasion where posthumous Purple Heart awards 
honored the two pilots killed on that mission. 


26 


As evident from the cases involving terrorist attacks on civilians (2 February 
1985; 8 August 1985; and 25 November 1985), the US Air Force has awarded the 
Purple Heart to civilian personnel serving with the Air Force and who are U.S. 
citizens—as authorized by EO 11016 and based on the criteria established by EO 
12464. This contrasts sharply with the policies and opinions of the US Army, Navy, 
and Marine Corps in regard to their interpretation of EO 11016 as amended by EO 
12464. 


27 


APPENDIX A 


E. O. 11016 Title 3—The Pre eldest E. O. 11016 

Executive Order 11016 
AUTHORIZING AWARD OF THE PURPLE HEART 

WHEREAS General George Washington, at Newburg-on-the- 
Hudson. on August 7, 1782, during the War of the Revolution, issued 
an Order establishing the Honorary Badge of Distinction, otherwise 
known as the Badge of Military Merit or Decoration of the Purple 
Heart; und 

WHEREAS the award of that decoration ceased with the closing of 
the War of the Revolution and was revived on February 22, 1932, out 
of respect to the memory and military achievements of General George 
Washington, by War Department General Orders No. 3: 

NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in me as 
President of the United States and as Commander in Chief of the 
armed forces of the United States, it is ordered as follows: 

1. The Secretary of a military department, or the Secretary of the 
Treasury with regard to the Coast Guard when not operating as a 
service in the Navy, shall, in the name of the President of the United 
States, award the Purple Heart, with suitable ribbons and appurte¬ 
nances, to any member of an armed force under the jurisdiction of 
that department and any civilian national of the United States who, 
while serving under competent authority in any capacity with an 
armed force of that department, has been, or may hereafter be, 
wounded— 

(a) in any action against an enemy of the United States; 

(b) in any action with an opposing armed force of a foreign country 
in which the armed forces of the United States are or have been 
engaged: 

(c) while serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in an armed 
conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States 
is not a belligerent party; 

(d) as the result of an act of any such enemy or op|>osing armed 
force; or 

(e) as the result of an act of any hostile foreign force. 

2. The Secretary of a military department, or the Secretary of the 
Treasury, shall, in the name of the President of the United States. 

. award the Purple Heart, with suitable ribbons and appurtenances, 
posthumously, to any person covered by, and under the circumstances 
described in, paragraph 1 who, after April 5. 1917, has been, or may 
hereafter be, killed, or who has died or may hereafter die after being 
wounded. 

3. A wound for which the award is made must have required treat¬ 
ment by a medical officer. 

4. The Purple Heart shall be forwarded to the next of kin of any 
person entitled to the posthumous award, without respect to whether 
a previous award has been made to such person, except that if the 
award results from service before December 7, 1941, the Purple Heart 
shall be forwarded to such next of kin upon his application therefor 
to the Secret ary .of the department concerned. 


28 


1 . O. 11017 


Title 3—The President 


E. O. 11017 


5. Except ns authorized in paragraph 4, not mote than one Purple 
Heart shall be awarded to any person, but for each subsequent award 
a Gold Star, or other suitable device, shall be awarded to be worn with 
the Purple Heart as prescribed by appropriate regulations to be issued 
by the Secretary of tne department concerned. 

(j. When authorized by the Secretary of the department concerned, 
the award of the Purple Heart may be made by subordinate military 
commanders, or such other appropriate officers ns the Secretary con¬ 
cerned may designate. 

7. The Secretary of the department concerned may prescribe such 
regulations as he considers appropriate to carry out this order. The 
regulations of the Secretaries of the departments with respect to the 
award of the Purple Heart shall, so far as practicable, be uniform, 
and those of the military departments shall be subject to the approval 
of the Secretary of Defense. 

8. This order supersedes Executive Order Xo. 10409 of November 12, 
1952, entitled “Award of the Purple Heart to Persons Serving with 
the Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard of the United States**. How¬ 
ever, existing regulations prescribed pursuant to that order, together 
with regulations prescribed under the authority of General Orders No. 
3, War Department, February 22, 1932, shall, so far as they are not 
inconsistent with this order, remain in effect until modified or revoked 
by regulations prescribed oy the Sec retar}- of the department con¬ 
cerned under this order. 

John F. Kennedy 

The White House, 

April 25,1962. 


29 


APPENDIX 3 


IMPORTANT 1987 US ARMY AND NAVY UPDATES 


The following comments were offered by the chief of the Army's Military 
Awards Branch in his review of this report (16 June 1987): 

1. An additional award of the Purple Heart was approved on 28 January 1987 for 

SP4 Ricky L. Watson, who was wounded in the 2 February 1985 incident in 
Greece. 

2. The Army posthumously awarded a Purple Heart to SFC Gregory A. Fronius, 

who was killed in an insurgent atack at El Paraiso, El Salvador on 31 March 
1987. 

3. The Secretary of the Army on 21 April 1987 approved restrictive criteria for 

award of the Purple Heart to civilians injured in terrorist attacks. These 
documents are available upon request. Based on this change in policy, up to 
four civilians will receive the Purple Heart for injuries received in the 
Frankfurt PX bombing, 18 April 1983. 

4. An additional award of the Purple Heart was approved on 28 April 1987 for CPT 

Scott A. Fedorchak, who was wounded in the Frankfurt PX bombing, 18 April 
1983. 

5. The Navy approved 39 awards of the Purple Heart (37 posthumous) to sailors 

injured and killed aboard the USS STARK which was attacked by Iraqi missiles 
on 

17 May 1987 (37 KIA and 2 WIA). 


30 


SOME OF THE SOURCES USED IN THIS REPORT 


NAMES OF CONTACTS AT THE VARIOUS SERVICES: 

Military Awards Branch, US Army Military Personnel Center: CW4 Thayer, CW3 
Garrett, Mrs. Sedlak, and Mrs. White. 

CW4 Thayer, Chief, Authorization Section, kindly permitted his staff to pull 
out the individual files on nearly all of the US Army personnel who received 
the Purple Heart during peacetime. Mention in this report to 
"correspondence" refers to the various memos and letters that may be found 
in these files, as well as information found in a separate file on civilians. 

US Navy Awards and Special Projects Branch: Mrs. Kirk. 

US Marine Corps Decorations and Medals Branch: Mrs. Rose and Mrs. Proctor. 

US Air Force Recognition Programs Branch: SGT Alaman. 

(Calls were not returned by the specialist in the US Coast Guard Chief Medals and 
Awards Branch; it is assumed that no peacetime Purple Hearts were awarded to 
members of this service.) 

NAMES OF FINAL REVIEWERS AT THE VARIOUS SERVICES: 

US Army Center of Military History: LTC Frank, Chief, Research and Analysis 
Division; Dr. Edward Drea, Chief, Staff Support Branch. 

US Army Military Personnel Center's Military Awards Branch: LTC Arpad A. 
Szurgyi, Chief (16 June 1987); and CW4 W.B. Thayer (June 1987). 

US Navy: Mrs. S. J. Kirk, Awards and Special Projects Branch (26 February 1987). 

US Marine Corps: Mr. F. P. Anthony, Head, Decorations and Medals Branch (11 
June 1987). 

US Air Force: LTC Joseph J. Tencza, Jr., Chief, Recognition and Special Programs 
Division (3 February 1987). 

REFERENCES: 

"How many attacks? Official count grows," by Marty Bishop in the MDW Magazine 
of Pentagram , 31 July 1986. 

Article on US Marines killed in San Salvador in The Washington Times , page 6A, 21 
June 1983. 

Chapter 11, "The Chronology of Terror" in The Terrorists: Their Weapons, Leaders 
and Tactics by Christopher Dobson and Ronald Payne, rev. ed. (New York: Facts On 
File, Inc., 1982). 

Various volumes of Facts On File. 


The Congressional Quarterly Almanac . 


31 





































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































